Criticism And Symbolism In Young Goodman Brown By...

Puritans were a group of people who were discontent with the Church of England and worked towards a more purified side of religious beliefs, morals and society. In a 3rd person point of view their attempt for moral righteousness was a failure, as they were extremists who had no tolerance to those who didn’t follow their beliefs. Nathaniel Hawthorne was raised in New England, a part of a country where Puritan Heritage was strong. Moreover, his ancestors were involved in the infamous Salem Witch Trials. The story â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† was written to show the guilt Hawthorne felt of having these Puritan roots. In â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† Nathaniel Hawthorne emphasizes the hypocrisy of his historical religious roots of Puritan communities with†¦show more content†¦. .† he took shows he is only surrounded by the darkness that lurks about. Goodman Brown’s wife, Faith, becomes a convenient and effective outlet for Hawthorne to illustrate Brown’s own faith. At the beginning of tthe narrative, Hawthorne uses the description of Faith to show Goodman Brown’s own faith: â€Å"thrust her own pretty head into the street, letting the wind play with the pink ribbons of her cap. . .† Here, Hawthorne gives Faith a pure image in which he implies that Goodman Brown’s own faith is pure as well. The reassuring replies Goodman Brown gives to Faith as he parts suggest that his faith is powerful: â€Å". . .’say thy prayers, dear Faith. . . no harm will come to thee.’† Although he knows he is about to partake in a sinful act, his belief in faith will bring him home safely. His faith took an even more critical hit when he found the pink ribbon of his wife in the dark forest. At this point of the story, Brown’s wife, Faith, still remains an insignia of his own faith: ‘â⠂¬Å"My Faith is gone!’ Cried he. . . ‘Come devil! For to thee is this world given.’† At the congregation of evil, he asks himself, â€Å"‘But where is Faith.’† This is where his faith was completely destroyed as he only sees the bad in people. At the very end, Hawthorne writes, â€Å"Often, waking suddenly at midnight, he shrank from the bosom of Faith,† suggesting Goodman Brown is still holding on to the little faith he has but his knowledge of the wickedness in his society causes him to withdrawShow MoreRelated Nathaniel Hawthornes Young Goodman Browns Apocalypse Essay1006 Words   |  5 PagesNathaniel Hawthornes Young Goodman Browns Apocalypse      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Most criticism and reflection of Nathaniel Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown centers on a good versus evil theme. Critics also debate interpretations of the main characters consciousness; is Brown awake or dreaming.   What is certain is that he lives and dies in pain because his belief in his righteousness isolates him from his community.   It is also certain that Hawthornes interpretation of Browns mid-lifeRead MoreAnalysis Of The Novel Young Goodman Brown By Nathaniel Hawthorne Essay1679 Words   |  7 Pageseasily fearful. The fear that can overwrite a person’s mind can be found in the short story â€Å"Young Goodman Brown†, written by Nathaniel Hawthorne. In this particular story, the author uses a relatively fair amount of allegory, imagery, and symbolism to bring the story to life and make us imagine the disturbed mentality of those who lived during the Salem Witchcraft Trials. To the stories like â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† are still being reviewed and criticized by those who study his work, including those thatRead MoreApproaching Nathaniel Hawthorne Insight538 Words   |  2 PagesNathaniel Hawthorne wrote one of the most studied short story in literature, â€Å"Young Goodman Brown†. This short story is widely use because of the deep meaning and strong internal attachment it has with the rea der. Nathaniel Hawthorne was born in Salem, Massachusetts his family had been early settlers, one of his great-grandfather was a judge during the Salem witch trials and had twenty-five women killed. Hearing his great-grandfather talk about this subject made Hawthorne both obsessed and a littleRead MorePoe vs Hawthorne1992 Words   |  8 PagesLiterature Comparisons Between Edgar Allan Poe and Nathaniel Hawthorne Kimberley Prescott LIT/210 08/01/2012 Sherry Salant Edgar Allan Poe and Nathaniel Hawthorne Popular literature is incomplete without the names of Edgar Allan Poe and Nathaniel Hawthorne. Both of these authors lived in the same time period, yet lived very opposite lives. In fact, Poe received notoriety for criticizing Nathaniel Hawthorne. (Poe, 1847) In his career, he wrote several critiques of Hawthorne’s workRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s Young Goodman Brown1400 Words   |  6 PagesNathaniel Hawthorne, the author of â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† was born in Salem, Massachusetts, in 1804. Hawthorne, born into a Puritan family who was struggling financially, had never met his father. He had died when Hawthorne was but a boy of four years old. This, along with embarrassments brought upon by other ancestors, seemed to affect his writing and perhaps even inspired parts of â€Å"Young Goodman Brown.† Hawthorne had one ancestor, a Puritan judge, who persecuted Quakers, and another, who had takenRead More Deep Allegory in Hawthornes Young Goodman Brow n Essay2351 Words   |  10 PagesDeep Allegory  in Young Goodman Brown  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   Herman Melville in â€Å"Hawthorne and His Mosses† (The Literary World August 17, 24, 1850), comments on the deep allegory found within Nathaniel Hawthorne’s tale, â€Å"Young Goodman Brown.† Young Goodman Brown? You would of course suppose that it was a simple little tale, intended as a supplement to Goody Two Shoes. Whereas, it is deep as Dante; nor can you finish it, without addressing the author in his own words--It is yours to penetrate, inRead MoreEssay The Allegory of Young Goodman Brown2233 Words   |  9 PagesThe Allegory of Young Goodman Brown      Ã‚   Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† is an allegory, though an allegory with deficiencies, with tensions existing between the reader and the story.    Peter Conn in â€Å"Finding a Voice in an New Nation† explains Hawthorne’s style of allegorizing and how it creates unwanted tensions for the reader:    He once planned to call a group of his stories â€Å"Allegories of the Heart,† and in that unused title he summed up much of his method andRead More Stylistic Features in Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown Essay3839 Words   |  16 PagesStylistic Features in â€Å"Young Goodman Brown†Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚         Henry Seidel Canby in â€Å"A Skeptic Incompatible with His Time and His Past† states: â€Å"And indeed there is a lack of consistence between the scorn that our younger critics shower upon Hawthorne’s moral creations and their respect for his style. They admit a dignity in the expression that they will not allow to the thing expressed† (62). The style found in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† has not only a â€Å"dignity in the expression†Read MoreYoung Goodman Brown: Characters4483 Words   |  18 PagesYoung Goodman Brown: Characters Introduction â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† is a short story by the American writer Nathaniel Hawthorne. The story made its first appearance in the New England Magazine for April 1835 and was collected in Mosses from an Old Manse in 1846. The story is set in the Puritan New England, a common setting for Hawthornes works, and like most of the stories in Mosses, â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† examines Hawthorne’s favorite themes: the loss of religious faith, presence of temptationRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s The Mind1900 Words   |  8 PagesNathaniel Hawthorne-The Mind Nathaniel Hawthorne was born July 4, 1804 he was known as an American novelist, who writes dark romantic short stories. He was born in Salem, Massachusetts to his parents to Nathaniel Hathorne and Elizabeth Clarke Manning. Nathaniel Hawthorne was originally named Nathaniel Hathorne but he later added a w to make his name Hawthorne in order to hide the relation to his ancestor John Hathorne, who was the only judge involved in the Salem witch trials who never felt

Symptoms And Treatment Of Cancer - 1555 Words

Cancer is a disease that is caused when abnormal cells in the human body begin to divide uncontrollably. These abnormal, uncontrolled cells can then spread further into surrounding tissues, effectively harming them. Cancer is genetic, meaning there is a gene coded for this disease present that can be passed down through family. This does not mean, though, that one will be diagnosed with this disease if a family member had it and although it can be treated, cancer has the ability to return. When treating and examining this disease, stages and grading are taken into consideration. These stages go from 1 to 4. 1 being localised cancer (least dangerous) and 4 being largely expanded cancer (most dangerous). Today, more than 200 types of cancer are known to exist, and the one most commonly found in the U.S.A is skin cancer. In fact, it has been reported that 1 out of every 5 Americans will develop a form of skin cancer throughout their lifetime. Skin cancer, too, has many different types , and the most seen are: basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and malignant melanoma -- which is more dangerous, but not as common as the other two. Basal Cell Carcinoma Basal cell carcinoma is also known as BCC and is the most common yet least risky type of skin cancer there is. This type of skin cancer gets its name from where it begins: the basal cells, which are in charge of producing new skin cells as the elder ones continue to die off. Even though BCC can happen to anyone, itShow MoreRelatedSymptoms And Treatment Of Cancer Treatments1664 Words   |  7 Pagesdealing with cancer treatments now, slight flaws in our practice after therapy have been present; in doing so, patients have experienced personal and emotional discomfort after therapy. Addressing these issues can become informal to patients, as technology have made it easier for our daily procedures to become convenient. The underlining cause of some confusion is not the patients fault but lack of communication from the health care provider after. Therefore, introducing the drawbacks of cancer treatmentRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Cancer Essay1190 Words   |  5 PagesShort Summary Name Institution affiliation Cancer Over the years, cancer has proved to be a menace and a threat to livelihood. It is a class of diseases that have given doctors a hard time to manage. Cancer is characterized by cell growth that is out of control. The disease manifests itself in over 100 types, and each type is recognized with the type of cell it affected initially. The ugly aspect of cancer is that it causes wreckage to the body when cells divide uncontrollablyRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Cancer1175 Words   |  5 Pagesin the United States get cancer every year (Rosen). Cancer is an uncontrollable growth and division of cells throughout the body, and it is a deadly disease that affects many people. Every person is different, every type of cancer is different, and every treatment is different. One main treatment for cancer is chemotherapy. However, saying no to chemotherapy is becoming more frequent among cancer survivors. When choosing to receive or not to receive chemotherapy every cancer patient should kee p anRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Cancer1528 Words   |  7 Pagestumors and cancer, has always looked at cancer and its treatment through a biological lens. Cancer is a disease that develops when cells abnormally divide and multiply without control (Depression and Cancer). The treatment of cancer includes, but is not limited to, chemotherapy. This treatment aims to shrink tumors that result from unnecessary cells that keep dividing and multiplying. As chemotherapy only focuses on the biological treatment of cancer, the psychologically induced symptoms are left unattendedRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Cancer888 Words   |  4 Pageslife-threatening diagnosis, such as cancer, has the potential to be an extremely stressful event and may have long-term effects. Depending on the diagnosis, many cancer patients may experience long-lasting, or chronic stress due to a variety of factors including receiving treatment, experiencing symptoms and side effects of treatment, waiting f or test results, and learning that the cancer has recurred. Patients with cancer often report cancer-related posttraumatic stress (National Cancer Institute, 2012). AccordingRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Cancer995 Words   |  4 Pageshundreds of types of cancers that are known of; anyone can get any kind of cancer. Cancer is an illness in where cells multiply nonstop. This multiplication of cells may lead to death (Insel and Roth 279). 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Changing Habits Using Operant Conditioning free essay sample

The participant I chose is my youngest sister: Liliane. Liliane just turned 15 this month. She is in the 9th grade, a very special school year, since, at the end, she has to present the official Lebanese exam. We, her family, believe that we must not get worried about the exam, since she’s intelligent, one of the best students in her class, with a really high average. She is usually an active girl, very sociable, with a wide network of friends. Step 2: Identifying the bad behavior: The reason why the participant chosen is my sister Liliane, is because of her bad habit, that I would like her to cut down. She actually spends most of her time, while at home, chatting with her friends on MSN. This is one really important habit, that could lead to serious problems. Step 3: Recording the baseline for the behavior (Day 1): To be able to make the intervention, I have to know when does my sister practice her bad habit and how many hours per day. Of course, in the morning, it is not possible for her to chat with her friends. Then she goes to school. There, they are not allowed to use any kind of social pages while using the internet, like Facebook, MSN†¦ Besides, at school, she is already with her friends, they can talk with each other face to face. Being in a French system, my sister stays at school till 4 PM. Which means that she spends most of her day there. But then, the recording begins. She reaches home at 4:30 PM. , showers, eats lunch, and then, she studies a little bit, from 5:00 PM till 7:00 PM (it depends on how much homework she has). Then, from 7:00 PM till midnight: chatting time. This means that she spends 5 hours in a row on MSN, chatting with her friends, which is a really large time. And this also means that Liliane stays the majority of her home time on the computer, instead of staying with us, her family. And I have noticed that, sometimes, she does her homework carelessly, just to finish early. So, there are two things that are concerning me: if she continues in that way, she won’t be close to her family anymore, and she will stop getting good grades, knowing that she will present the official Lebanese exam at the end of the school year. I decided to study two related parameters: Parameter 1: the number of hours spent chatting per day Parameter 2: the number of times she uses the MSN per day ?DAY 1 Liliane chats 5 hours in a row with her friends on MSN Step 4: Planning the intervention: To change her behavior, I decided to use the principle of operant conditioning. In this type of learning, behaviors are emitted, in the presence of specific stimuli, to earn rewards are avoid punishments. In order for this method to be effective, the reinforcement must be something that is very desirable. But I decided not to go directly with reinforcement, which I thought, should be the last choice, or the last hope, if the other temptations did not work. Temptations: -1- Positive punishment: in the beginning, I decided I should talk with her about one negative consequence that will occur when this behavior continues: the possibility that her grades might get affected, and also her ranking in her class. -2- Negative punishment: after discussing the issue with my parents and after them realizing the problem Liliane was going through, we came up with a supposed viable punishment. If she continues to chat for hours in the internet, everyone home will stop talking to her, that means she will be ignored by her family. -3- Positive reinforcement: if she decreases the number of hours wasted on chatting within two weeks, we will get her a box full of: pencils of every color (like every color of the â€Å"uni-ball† pencils), copybooks with really cool cover pages, all the equipments needed for drawing (which are a lot and expensive if they were a good brand). This box might not be important for most people, but when it comes to Liliane, the things in it are very desirable things, that she will absolutely enjoy. Step 5: Executing the intervention (Day 2-6): ?DAY 2 -When she came back from school, I tried the first temptation. I talked with her about the probable negative consequence that might occur if she continues to spend that much time on chatting: I told her she might have difficulties in school, like her grades will drop down. Actually she did not care a bit. She told me that this is not affecting her, and that she is still getting good grades. So, she was not convinced at all, and my talking has no effect on her. -After a little studying, she goes to the computer, and chats like usual, 5 hours in the evening, with no break, so also, in a row. DAY 3 -I didn’t do anything, I wanted to see whether she thought about what I said or not. So, I only did an observation. -She sat also from 7:30 PM till 12:00 PM, which is half an hour less. So, she chatted 4 hours and 30 minutes, in a row. ?DAY 4 -I decided to take my intervention further. I thought we should start with the second tempta tion. My parents, my other sister and I came to her, and we told her that if she does not decrease the number of hours spent chatting, we will stop talking to her, and we will ignore her. -At 7:00 PM, she went to the computer and started chatting. Maybe, she thought that we couldn’t actually stop addressing to her. She stayed from 7:00 PM till 10:00 PM. At 10:00 PM she turned the MSN off and came to us. All of us were sitting in the living room watching a movie. When she came, we ignored her. She got angry, she sat on her bed and listened to music. Then, half an hour later, she went online again. She stayed from 10:30 PM till 11:30 PM. Then she went to bed. -She spent 4 hours chatting, but not in a row, instead, 3 hours, and half an hour later, another 1 hour. ?DAY 5 -At 7:00 PM, Liliane noticed that we were still ignoring her. So, she went chatting. She stayed from 7:00 PM till 10:00 PM. Then, she signed out. She came to my parents and sat with them. She stayed an hour, and then, my parents noticed that the negative punishment kind of worked a little. So, they stopped ignoring her, and began talking to her again. She did not go online the rest of the evening. -She sat 3 hours and in a row. ?DAY 6 -I thought, since the negative punishment decreased the number of hours spent chatting, it was time for the positive reinforcement, to make things even better, So, when she returned home, mom came to her. She talked with her calmly, and she told her that if, for the next two weeks, she spent only one hour per day chatting, she will give her a box full of the things she loves (mentioned above). -So instead of chatting, at 7:00 PM she continued studying about an hour more. At 8:00 PM, she went online, she spent an hour, from 8:00 PM till 9:00 PM. Then, she turned the computer off, and came to sit with her family. We had fund fun, and we talked a lot. -She spent only 1 hour chatting, in a row. ?DAY 7 -She spent 30 minutes from 8:00 PM till 8:30 PM, and then another 30 minutes, from 9:30 PM till 10:00 PM. So this time, she spent one hour chatting, but not in a row. Step 6: Collection of data Two parameters were taken into consideration: the number of hours per day spent chatting and the number of times per day she used the MSN. Step 7: Conclusion ?Comparing DAY 1 with DAY 7: In DAY 1, Liliane spent 5 hours in a row on chatting, while in DAY 7, she spent only one hour on chatting, and it w asn’t even in a row, instead, it was a two half an hour. As we can see, this type of learning worked, operant conditioning was actually effective. ?Discussion of the result: The first temptation: positive punishment, did not work. It only decreased the number of hours from 5 hours to 4 hours and 3o minutes. So, I tried the second temptation: negative punishment. It worked, but did not reach the result expected. So, the last temptation was used: positive reinforcement, which was remarkably effective. So, I noticed that punishment should be used together with reinforcement. Once a more desirable behavior is almost reached, punishment should be removed and a reinforcement should be added. In this way, the participant will become more optimistic toward changing his bad behavior. This is the reason why the reinforcement was successful.

Conflicts between Europeans and Native Indians Americans free essay sample

The American History was built under several wars, people suffering, and religious conflicts. Starting with Christopher Columbus’ first voyage to the Asian continent in 1492, his plans were to find a huge amount of wealth to make Spain rich, and also bring the Christianity to the new land. Frustrated in fail while trying to find Asian, instead he found the American continent. Such fact Columbus began to act aggressive towards Native Americans, enslaving and forcing them to look for gold. After Columbus’ death in 1506, Spain would send more soldiers known as conquistadores to the American continent in order to find more wealth. Later on, France and England would also led expeditions to the American continent in order to establish a foothold. Because Europeans started to migrate to America, they found many cultural differences and opposite beliefs that made Europeans and Native Americans fight for a long time until they found an agreement. We will write a custom essay sample on Conflicts between Europeans and Native Indians Americans or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Spaniards’ mission in the America was to find slaves that would work for the conquistadores looking for gold and other riches and bring it to Spain; however, evangelization of the Native Americans was used as justification for the Spanish colonization. In 1519, Hernan Cortes arrived in the American continent and landed in the Aztec Empire located in what is now Mexico. There, he and his conquistadores found more riches than they could ever imagine through the Indian slave labor. Such discovery inspired other conquistadores to go and explore different regions of the American continent. The next place where Spaniards would look for riches was in North America. North America, different from Central or South America, never had riches like gold or other metals, but this fact did not prevent the Spaniards from making the Native North Americans work as slaves in order to find gold. The Spanish treatment given to those native people can be characterized as the worst form of torture. The act of torture, for the Spaniards, was the same thing as playing a sport, the sport of hunting. â€Å"And before they had time to gather together I burnt some five or six little villages, each of about hundred inhabitants †¦ seeing this I ordered the whole fifty to be arrested and their hands cut off† (Cortes and the Requerimiento 5). Bartolome de Las Casas, a Dominican priest, recognized that his people were being terrible with the Indians, and with the order of the King of Spain, he became a defender of the Indians. Such action mobilized Protestants to create the tale â€Å"Black Legend. † This tale was actually true, however, it would be used later as an excuse for other Europeans justify their colonization. Different than Spain, France and England came to America with intentions that would go beyond finding riches and religion, they were interested in trading and negotiable settlements. â€Å"†¦We are encouraged by the situation and condition of this place, which, if it is cultivated, promises to furnish a great deal for the needs of human life† (Indian Population of New France 16). Samuel de Champlain was the French man who led an expedition to Quebec where he established the New France. His relationship with the Native Indians would support the new colony’s development. Indians would trade beaver pelts in order to receive European objects. â€Å"Cacagous [a local chief] †¦ show his kindly feelings toward the French †¦ take him a present of hundred beaver skins †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Indian Populations of new France 15). The marriage of the English man, John Rolfe, to the â€Å"King’s most dear well-beloved daughter† (Pocahontas and John Smith 32) Pocahontas in 1614, was a remarkable point in the American history. It not only shows how the relationship between the European and the American Indians had changed since Columbus’ first arrival to the American continent, but also shows an agreement of peace between the two populations. This peace, however, lasted until the announcement of Pocahontas death in 1617. Resentments were being accumulated against the English people who were coming to America with their families, bringing diseases, and occupying a huge amount of land. The Indians did not wait too long to attack the English, as a result, 347 English people died. Christopher Columbus’ arrival in the America continent was the beginning of many controversies between the Europeans and Native Americans. Many people say that Columbus was a demon that came to earth to start a revolution. If he was or not, his discovery was important for the development of the â€Å"New World† and remarkable for the world’s history. Without his discovery of the America, perhaps someone else would discover America decades later, and the year of 2014 would face a different reality. His discovery could be less aggressive, and painful, as it happened when the French discovered Quebec, but the American story would be totally different than it is now, even though many American Indians had to suffer tortures, today they have their own story, and they are proud to say they are the North Americans.

Oralism vs. Manualism free essay sample

Pros cons of teaching deaf children to speak vs. signing. Discusses schooling, role of parents, communication effectiveness and level of hearing. The argument over whether a deaf or hard of hearing child should learn to speak, learn to sign, or both is an old one. There are two main groups of people who argue for each side. A large portion of the adult deaf community feels that being deaf is a separate culture from the hearing and speaking world and that all deaf and hearing impaired children should be brought up as persons who do not need to speak orally. There are some parents and educators who also feel this way. The other side contains deaf people who have been taught to speak, some parents, and some educators who feel that being able to communicate readily with the mainstream oral community adds to a childs options and experiences. There are organizations which promote both philosophies. We will write a custom essay sample on Oralism vs. Manualism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

Descriptive on Norway Essays

Descriptive on Norway Essays Descriptive on Norway Essay Descriptive on Norway Essay Oslo: the blue, the green, the city in between Lucie gafratov? ¤ Carolina Sanchez Charlotte Parr? © Graziella Maria Ottarda Buskerud University College TABLE OF CONTENTS: TABLE OF CONTENTS: 2 I-BACKGROUND INFORMATION ABOUT THE EVENT: 3 Ill-ANALYSIS OF THE MARKETING ENVIRONEMENT WITH TOURISM TO JUSTIFY OUR TARGET MARKET: 5 1) competitors: 6 IV-DISCUSSION OF SEGMENTATION AND POSITIONING: 6 V-DETAILED ANALYSIS OF OUR TARGET MARKET: 7 VI-THE 4 ps (PRODUCT, PLACE, PROMOTION, PRICE): 7 1) prices: 7 2) Place: 9 3) Promotion: 10 4) Product: 11 VII-CONCLUSION: 12 References: 13 I-BACKGROUND INFORMATION ABOUT THE EVENT: Oslo is the richest growing city in Europe. It is now evaluating the possibility of organizing the winter Olympic games 2022. In fact, the city council decided to establish the city Agency Os102022 which main task is to develop a plan for the winter games. Oslo is possibly the only city in the world to be able to organize the winter Olympic games in an urban setting. Indeed, it has a special location between fjords and forests, and for this reason the theme of the Olympic games will be: Games in Oslo has become a multicultural city, which attracts people from all over the world. One of the main points of the plan is how this Olympic games can help the city to improve its structures, and how will it be the after-use of the facilities that will be built for the games? Lots of sports facilities will be built; planning, development and staging in the 2022 event will increase competence in many areas. Olympic games values promote equal rights, friendship and solidarity; Norway has solid traditions that mirror these values. Olympics are a combination of sport, education and culture, so games could be a positive impact in society. The games are a unique opportunity o present Norway like an exciting country for winter sports. Lots of facilities will be built there such as the Athletes Village, the Media Village, the Main Press centre, a new train station; the cycling and walking paths will also be extended. Furthermore, after the games villages will be sold, converted in student housing or in nursing homes. Most of the competitions will be staged in Oslo, but some of them will be organised in Lillehammer. The city council calculate that public expenditures related to 2022 Olympic Winter Games will total between 20 and 23 billion Norwegian Crowns. Public sector costs are related to planning and staging of the Olympics, as well as investments in permanent facilities. Finally, Olympic games are the most important goal in an athlete career. Athletes are important in inspiring people to take part in sport, sport is a universal language, and it is a good opportunity to establish relation with other people. l- INTRODUCTION: Since the dawn of time Norway intends was always about protecting its natural heritage by linking together the notion of ecology and education. Indeed Norway has a unique relationship with nature. Ecological habits are integrated into everyday life, in education as well as in the common rules of living together; recycling is taught from childhood, cycling is extremely widespread, and children learn about plants and animals from a very young age. Cities in nature, and not nature in the city is the motto of city planners in Norway. Being Green, saving our environment and eco- tourism was for us a duty and evidence when we created our tour in Norway. In accordance with the environment rules and Norway belief: Water Conservation Energy Efficiency/Conservation Eco-Friendly Landscape Eco-Friendly Purchasing Practices Waste Reduction/Recycling Our choice went for dog-sledding, which with its minimal carbon print and low impact on the environment was for us the best way to discover Norway in all its glory. Dog sledding is your chance to see nature up close and personal. With no noise or smell from a gas powered engine you will feel connected to the wildlife of our country. Dog sledding is eco-friendly! Help us in protecting planet Earth. Therefore we decided to use the strategic placing of many Olympic venues at the dge of the city to create a great transportation alternative of getting around the city. Dog mushing offers an experience from northern Norway Just in the capital of the country. It fits completely to the whole Olympic concept and its desire to attract plenty of different kind of visitors. Thus, one of the most important advantages is our transportation, which doesnt harm the nature and provides a close contact with it. Still it is relatively quick because it does not need the urban infrastructures and goes by the most direct way from place A to place B. We choose four venues at the edge of Oslo and three venues, including the city centre, in Lillehammer, which were the most suitable. We eliminated some of the venues like KvitfJell since it was too far for our mean of transport and some halls and stadiums in the urban area of Oslo for their inaccessibility. A dog mushing tour from one venue to another is attractive for so many types of the Olympic visitors of Norway. We are focusing mainly on families with children, couples of all ages and simply anyone who is fond of the Norwegian Olympic concept, the environment and belonging mostly into the middle-income roup at least. Ill-ANALYSIS OF THE MARKETING ENVIRONEMENT WITH TOURISM TO JUSTIFY OUR TARGET MARKET: Olympic games could have a powerful impact in promoting a city, and many factors that determine the long-term impact of games are beyond the host city control. Last winter Olympic games were hosted in Vancouver in February and March 2010, a report done by PriceWhterhouseCoopers show that 650. 000 visitors arrived in Canada for the games, 242. 000 visitors were from Canada, 324. 000 from United States and 83. 000 visitors from other countries. Lots of Canadian support the Olympic games nd 9 out of 10 indicates that Olympic games had a positive impact on tourism. About 2/3 of tourists for the Olympic game in London were from Europe, we think that this trend will be confirmed also for the Olympic game in Oslo, tourist attraction increase after the Olympic game thanks to the new infrastructures built and the advertisement done for the games in fact also data from euromonitor shows that in Norway the majority of tourist come from Europe or from the region. Lots of tourists visiting the city. We think that for these people who will come here during the games, ur offer could be a great opportunity to know some traditions of Oslo. There are a lot of different kind of tourists who come for the Olympic game: families and their babies (in Norway birth rate is very high and there are lot of policy in favour of families), young people, couples and singles of all ages, people interested in sports, reporters, athletes, local people or volunteers. 1) Competitors: In the South of Norway we can find operator in Telemark region, and in Sirdal there is the Sirdal Husky farm. In Bykle near Hovden we can find Hundespann operator. We hink that competitors would not influence our offer because they arent that close to Lillehammer or Oslo. IV-DISCUSSION OF SEGMENTATION AND POSITIONING: The marketing segmentation is a strategy that involves dividing a board target market into subset of consumers, who have common needs, and then designing and implementing strategies to target their needs. Segmentation is useful to maximise financial resources, there is not a correct unique way to segment a market but there are four methods to segment consumer market: geographic, demographic, psychographic and behavioural. We thought that we could do a psychographic and behavioural segmentation. There are lots of different kinds of tourists that are attracted in Oslo for the games: People who have middle high income (high budget traveller) Couple and single people interested in sport People who dont need a fast way to transfer from one attraction to an other (tourists and not athletes) People interested to protect environment and dogs (eco-friendly) and who want use green means of transport Families Young people Reporters Local people Volunteers We think that there are great possibilities for our project to reach different kind of ourist in particular high budget traveller because our offer is quite expensive, but also families with children who are very attracted by this kind of experience. Moreover this offer could attract people interested in nature, green means of transport and to discover Norwegian traditions in a pleasant way. We think that these groups of people are the most important for us. We also believe that athletes, media, volunteer are not interested in our p rogram because they dont have enough time during the competitions. Our positioning is high, because to do this program tourists have to pay a lot. Targeting a market means selecting the most attractive segments and developing a marketing strategy ad hoc for this target. For a segment to be targeted it needs to fulfil certain criteria: accessibility, values, needs and wants of segmentation must be compatible with the offer; the target must be large enough to support the business and for these reason it must be measurable. It also must be relevant, homogeneous and durable. Our target market is represented by: People interested in dogs and nature People who want to find a greens means of transport Family with babies, they usually be fascinated by dog People who visited Norway for the fist time and want to discover traditions People with high income We think that this group of people is large enough and could guarantee the success of our offers. Family with babies will be very important for us because we will offer great opportunity for them to have fun. VI-THE 4 ps (PRODUCT, PLACE, PROMOTION, PRICE): 1) Prices: Our company propose you two destination to go by dog sledding in Norway, which host some parts of the Olympic Games. Oslo: The first trip offered will make you experience the capital, Oslo, suburbs. Indeed, our eeting point is at Wyller a Vinterpark in Oslo west and will finish in the east at Huken. Our Journey will make you discover two other cities Holmenkollen and Grefsenkollen and the mountains between them. General information: -Duration: 2h30min -Difficulty: Easy -Accessibility: From 2 years old -Weight limit: 240 pounds (140kg) -Price per person: NOK 900 Adult (from 10 years to older) NOK 450 Children (from 2 to 9 years) Lillehammer: The second trip proposes a taste of a Norway more rustic and less populate. From Lillehammer to HafJell with a stop in on of the most beautiful city Hunderfossen, this our will be a true breath of fresh air. General information: -Duration: 2h -Price per person: NOK 800 Adult (from 10 years to older) NOK 400 Children (from 2 to 9 years) Furthermore, we understand that a daytrip might be too long for certain person. To answer the need of our entire customer we decided to create a tour where you have the opportunity of visiting only one or two cities. The price will depend on your destination. Further information: In accordance with the price, our company put to your disposal accommodations along the trip, to make it as confortable as possible. Whats included? Dog-sledding tour (as rider/ passenger) -Experienced musher guidance -Halfway break with picture and petting timeo -Warm suit and pelt (for the passenger) -Visit of the kennel with introduction to each dog -Learn the musher required skills and basics Dog commands -Lots of participation and Fun -Certainly your best day in Norway! If you have any questions, do not hesitate to contact us! 2) Place: Our facility is meant to be located both in Oslo and Lillehammer. In Oslo we plan to connect Vinterpark Wyller (boardercross, skicross, halfpipe, slopestyle and slalom isciplines), Holmenkollen (ski Jumping, cross country skiing and Nordic combination), Grefsenkollen (aerials, moguls) and Huken (biathlon). These venues are situated at the edge of the city, so the tracks wouldnt be led through the built up area and the clients would have a nice view of the city from the hills. It represents a smart way of getting around the city faster than walking, more convenient and greener than the public transport or even going by car. We are not planning to add more of the venues in Oslo now, because our offer might lose its attractively and uniqueness. nd the city would be Joined. The last place, KvitfJell, is out of the game now, as its very remote for our type of transportation. The choice of our placing is representing our idea of providing an exclusive moment in an Olympic day to get the feeling of other type of experience. We dont tend to have half-day or even longer trips, which gives us the ability to be flexible and fast to be ready in our supply of the service. The main way of selling our product is the direct one on the Internet and personally at our track stops near the venues: Holmenkollen, Wyller, Grefsenkollen, Huken, HafJell, Hunderfossen ans Lillehammer city. However, its good to have reseller as just separately, or we can cooperate with tourist information offices as well. 3) Promotion: Promotion is one of the most important parts of marketing strategy because influence intermediaries opinions and increase awareness of service. Promotion includes elements such as: advertisement, sales promotion, personal selling, public relations and direct marketing. Our most important way to promote ourselves will be the creation of our website where we will put all the information about us. We use ifferent way to promote our offer: On line marketing: banner in the Olympic webpages, banner in sport web site and site that will show games on line Brochures in tourist information offices, and tourist agencies, and some brochures will be distributed by promoters during every event Posters in public transport, in the main street of Oslo and Lillehammer (such as Karl Johans gate), at the venues (such as stadium, halls), in ticket sellers place, Commercials on TVs and radio, and on newspaper In every adds there is a QR code that tourist can use to access to our website directly o have more information about our offer and to know the nearest point where they can do this activity. We will also use SEM strategy to put adds on Facebook pages of people interested in Olympics and who have child. We encourage the purchase by using discount coupons for big families with more than 2 children (the third child pays half of our price). 4) product: The service we propose is a new way for th e Olympic Games tourist to travel between its ventures in accordance with the Norwegians state of mind. Therefore, we would like to introduce the mushing-dogs activity. Nowadays we can find 3 classifications of mushing: utilitarian, recreational, or competitive. Thus our service will be utilitarian and recreational since we will use the easiest and most common to travel, with a comfortable sled made of Kevlar and fur. Back in time, French people were the first to usher in the world the knowledge of dogs mushing. Indeed, following the discovery of the Gaspe Peninsula, French men known as coureurs des bois (runner of the woods) learnt the Iroquoiss culture and blended it with their own culture. Dog mushing was then introduced to people. Sled dogs are very similar to wolves in term of shape and size. Sociable and docile they have the same loyalty than dogs and are regarded as pets. We usually see this kind of activity mostly in the North of Norway. Thus, we would like to implant it in the capital, Oslo, for the Joy of Olympic Games tourists. We offer two different trips on the suburb of Oslo. The first will be around Oslo; it will start in Wyller and finish in Huken. The second trip starts in Lillehammer and finish in KvitfJell. The difference between this two will be the scenery, the time it takes to go to one city to another and inally what games you want to watch. Afterward the customer will have to choose the most appropriated according to their wants. Our service will also allow visitors to communicate with dogs, learn to control them and to enjoy one of the most popular transports in Norway. Being connected with the nature and enjoying the best scenery and landscape is a fascinating way of seeing our country. The families or couples can then experience the Norwegians way of life by visiting these places with dog-sledding. On these places you would be able to see he Ski Jump or many snow activities, always in accordance with the Olympic Games. In fact, two of the cities we propose are the most famous ski resort in Norway, HafJell and KvitJell. Since mushing is for everyone, we even have activities destined for the children. They can play with the dogs and take care of them; the parents can also do it! Therefore we decided to create a place where the dogs will be taken care of and if its needed to let them rest for a bit. Furthermore a teaching class will be organised if the tourists want to learn and know more about the mushing and the dogs. This class will explain ow to handle the dogs and some knowledge about what to do in certain situations for your own security. To guarantee our customers security it will not be allowed to ride alone, they will always have a person in charge with them. Thus, the person will provide you some story or explain new things along the way. We decided to choose this activity because we think that it is an opportunity for all the people who want to see in a different way the Olympics Games in Oslo. We believe that it is a completely different experience, funnier to associate with the Olympics Games. To summarize, you have to ry it! Mushing dog activities involve different values: environment respect, fun for children, discover of Norwegian traditions in an unusual way. Olympic games are the main reason to develop this offer but in accordance to the games politics it will be possible to use our structure even after these events, in particular, the building where we take care of the dog and the activities for the children. References: afr. com/p/ olympic_tourism_impact_is_complicated_6fTAPM7KefzR4bOqsSww5L http:// . american. edu/TED/lille. htm olympic. rg/Documents/Games_Vancouver_2010/ Factsheet_Vancouver_legacy_February_2011 _eng. pdf huffingtonpost. ca/ 2011/10/27/vancouver-olympics-economic-benefit_n_1035427. html http:// www. visitnorway. com/en/what-to-do/active-holiday/ridingsledging/let-the-dogs-do- the-work/ 0122. no/ http://goscandinavia. about. com/od/winteractivi ties/tp/dogsleddingnorway. htm http:// www. golinfo. no/en/winter/dog_sleight/ blm. gov/ak/st/en/prog/nlcs/iditarod/history/people/mush_hist. html http:// library. thinkquest. org/TQ0312758/history. htm International Tourist Arrivals: Euromonitor from trade sources/national statistics

Inmate Custody and Control in Correctional Facilities Essay

Inmate Custody and Control in Correctional Facilities - Essay Example The inmates and prison staff often confront with many challenges as well as threats to their safety. It is important to consider the essential aspects which can make inmate custody and control more effective. One of the main issues often observed in prisons is the paucity of healthy relationship between inmates and officers. To begin with, effective administrative measures offer better services to inmates and a peaceful ambiance in prison that would enhance the relationship between the inmates and officials to certain extent. Inmates usually belong to different cultural backgrounds with varying criminal intensity. This diversity itself may give rise to further disputes or violence within prison. Violence and indecent behavior within the institution could be reduced by initiating various disciplinary actions under strict supervision of responsible individuals. On the other hand, correctional officers and other concerned officials have to be given proper training to address the unexpected issues effectively through emergent strategies. As Barnhart (2006) reminds, training includes providing information regarding the planned strategies of the organization and various techniques to execute them successfully while maintaining of security and control in the prison. The physical layout of the facilities provided to inmates is an important matter of concern.

Ancient Rome Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ancient Rome - Essay Example Since then, Rome somewhat created a new sect of Christianity in which became so influential in the world making Rome as the seat and capital of the Roman Catholic religion in the form of Papacy or the Pope who is considered as the leader of this religion. Most of the Popes who were ordained came from Rome and a huge number of them provided influential beliefs and doctrines to modern-day churches in the world today as they were considered as infallible of the believers of this religion. Up to present, doctrines from the papal seat are considered as holy and a decree that must be observed and respected among the members of the Roman Catholic Church worldwide. In fact, Carr (2005) stated, "the infallibility of Pope is not a doctrine that suddenly appeared in Church teaching; rather it is a doctrine which was implicit in the early church." Upon analyzing these, we can comprehend on how powerful the influence of Rome is. In relation to the religion, Rome also influenced the belief of numerous numbers of people by means of Roman Mythology. Although, many accounts claims that the latter is only inspired by Greek mythology, this belief by the Romans has its uniqueness and is somewhat a guiding light of some in their lives up to date.

How sexist, racist, and homophobic language creates a barrier to Essay

How sexist, racist, and homophobic language creates a barrier to communication - Essay Example In most instances, this form of discrimination targets the women. However, the main culprits are the male chauvinists. In some circumstances, men have refused to listen to what women have to say or when they listen; their minds are already registered that they would not act on it. Therefore, either the person can be absent minded or can listen but immediately forget about what transpired. Communication can also be hampered by the realization that the listener is not keen. Based on sexism, some men develop an attitude towards not only towards the message being delivered but also to the person delivering the message. On the other hand, stereotyping based on gender can make an individual develop communication biasness towards the other gender. For example, a woman who has labelled all men as cheaters will not be convinced to any man claiming that they have never cheated. Racism can also be a communication barrier. The perception that a particular race is knowledgeable that another will make a person disregard information from another person of a race that they demonstrate prejudice against. The attitude formed is that the communicator is unable to deliver any important information. It is also possible that a racist will focus on the language use and fail to get the message. Racial disparities emanates from differential origins, therefore, the assents are different. Instead of listening to the person speak, a racially biased person will listen to the language use of the communicator. In addition, a person from a race labelled â€Å"inferior† may fail to capture what the other person is saying, they agree on anything that is said courtesy of inferiority complex. For example, a local inhabitant of the Congo forest who knows some French will perceive that whatever the white man is saying is true hence failing to capture the message as it was deli vered. Communication breakdown can also be contributed by the use of homophobic language. Homosexuals have attempted to air

Brief Analysis Of Coca Cola And Pepsico Business Essay

Brief Analysis Of Coca Cola And Pepsico Business Essay Introduction The interest in corporate social responsibility, sustainable business practice, corporate governance, business ethics, and integrity and compliance management has grown markedly in the past decade (Waddock et al., 2002). It is not only stakeholders who expect companies to pay greater attention to norms, values and principles; companies themselves are acknowledging the importance of responsible business practice (Waddock et al., 2002). But what are a companys responsibilities? It is widely recognized that we are in an environmental crisis, no doubt about that. There is nearly unanimous agreement that the earth is getting warmer, and the consensus in the scientific community is that human activity, especially through activities that emit hydrocarbons, is the chief cause of climate change. Business ethic has become one of the strongest news stories of the past decade. Previously renowned companies such as WorldCom, Enron, Wal-Mart, Google and Starbuck have become link to a growing trend of unethical business behavior. Nevertheless the environmental issue has created a big impact on todays business organization. The EU has decreed that capitalism, and hence business practice within capitalism, should be environmentally sustainable. Financial success by itself is no longer sustainable therefore EU environmentally friendly business practices are considered a moral norm and consequently a moral obligation. Although corporations are primarily business organization run for the benefits of the shareholders, they have a wide range set of responsibilities, to their own employees, to the customers and suppliers, to the communities which are located, and to the society at large. Most corporations recognize these responsibilities and make a serious effort to fulfill them. Analysis of Coca-Cola and PepsiCo Coca-cola The Coca-Cola Companys website contains sufficient amount of information on their segments of corporate governance, ethic, environmental and sustainability issue. Corporate governance Coca-cola has committed to strive and enforce the establishment of the principles of corporate governance. Corporate governance that has been adopted by them is based on the belief that maintaining and improving management efficiency and the fairness and transparency of their corporate activities is of utmost importance. Ethic and Environmental Sustainability Coca-cola detailed few guidelines about utilization of water on their business operation. They develop few objectives which the main aims are to return the water safely to the communities and nature as what the company consumes for their beverage production. The website also stated their roles on encountering water-scares problem around the globe. The Companys Website and Case Study Relation The Coca-Cola Company and WWF had combined their strength together on preserving nature mainly on conserving water. Several ideas and projects had been stated in order to improve global water efficiency. Focusing on the river Yangtze in China, their collaboration is vital because it is in line with their partnership main objective. The partnership goal in the Yangtze is to inspire better governance and sustainable river management practices across the basin. Coca-Cola Companys website. The Coca-Cola Company and WWF initially planned on these three initiatives: Supply Chain: Working with the supplier in order to sustain agriculture mainly sugarcane, oranges and corn. Water Stewardship: A fresh water conservation relating seven river basins including Yangtze River. The aim is to develop and implement comprehensive water stewardship plans that will serve as models for the Coca-Cola system. River Basin Conservation: To conserve the seven key freshwater basins on which our partnership is focused which include Yangtze River. PepsiCo PepsiCo Companys website contains an adequate amount of information on their segments of corporate governance, ethic, environmental and sustainability issue. Corporate Governance Referring to the website on corporate governance segment, PepsiCo has adopted strict corporate standards that govern their operations and ensures accountability of their actions. These corporate social responsibilities are also made as an integral part of their operations. The website of PepsiCo on corporate government segment detailed the corporate standards that have been strictly governed to guarantee the accountability of their action. Ethic and Environmental Sustainability [The] successful company in 2030 will be the one that recognizes the possible outcomes of the global crises we face, and one nimble and tenacious enough to embed this recognition into their strategy and business processes. INDRA NOOYI, PEPSICO CHAIRMAN AND CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER, MAY 2009 The statement by the CEO of PepsiCo above shows the dedication on preserving the environment hence numerous efforts had been done by them for the past few years. Recently PepsiCo had released inaugural water report titled Water Stewardship: Good for Business Good for Society which explain the companys commitment to safeguard and replenish water use in their operations thus provide a better environment for future generation. PepsiCo has proclaimed on their website regarding their goal and commitment to protect the Earths natural resources. PepsiCo state that their part as a dynamic global business operator, they will remain committed in minimizing the impact of their business on the environment. The Companys Website and Case Study Relation PepsiCo and China Womens Development Function had united their forces on one purpose, which is to provide a clean water supply and to solve drinking water shortage especially in rural areas in China. PepsiCo Foundation had donated a sum of $ 1.5 million on Mother Water Cellars Project. The objective of the project was to design pilot water supply systems in order to conceive water and at the same time the project aimed to solve the problem on the difficulties of people in rural area to obtain safe drinking water. Water Cellar Sketch of a water cellar The main idea of the Water cellar is to accumulate rain and reserve the water for man and farm animals. It is also a kind of water-storing facility in Chinas rural areas. In relation on the case study, the PepsiCo has provide a huge-scale effort and this has been proven by the website and a report title Land of Love, Water Cellar for Mothers done for PepsiCo. They also had launched the project in 2000, and since then many water cellars has been built. PepsiCo believe that the planet is for all human kind to share and is their obligation to be a good citizen to the world. This project may have solves some environmental ethical issues that became a responsibilities among the big corporation. Differences in Experience and Perception China viewing Coca-Cola Morality consists of rules of human behavior and also specifies that certain actions are wrong while others are right. Actions can be seen and evaluated from moral perspective even in business since they involve human activity (George.R. 2005). Coca Cola has shown concern for the environment in China. The partnership between Coca Cola and WWF to protect Yangtze River is a non-profit one, which again reiterates Coca Colas concern about environmental issues. According to W. Michael Hoffman, a business has an obligation to keep the environment clean beyond what the law states. Companies should find methods to eradicate environmental problems caused by their production. Teleological ethics theory states that the consequence of an action will determine whether the action is good or evil. In the case of Coca Cola, if the teleological theory is applied, China will view Coca Cola as bad if the latter is polluting the environment. Moreover, Coca Cola owns around 33% of Chinas soda market. The companys representatives have predicted that there is still the possibility to grow. Products are being tailored only for the Chinese citizens. Given that Coca Cola is planning to grow, this will create more employment in China. By operating in China, Coca Cola has a moral right towards the government and the citizens, and the company should aim should aim at improving their standard of living. (Shaw, Barry) However, China needs to take into consideration what happened in India. The company had to close down for causing water shortages, and also for ignoring social and environmental foundations of consumer trust. A company may have different factories around the world, but its vision and mission statement should be the same. Given that we can consider Coca Colas actions as unethical, theres a reason for the Chinese government and citizens to worry about the Coca Cola Company established in China. What has happened in India can again be connected to the teleological ethics theory since the problems caused by Coca Cola has led to the closure of the company. As prescribed in this theory, only the ends or consequences of an action can determine whether the latter is good or evil. Coca-Cola viewing China Coca-Cola has experienced thoughtless ethical troubles with its affiliation amid their stakeholders in China. It is eager to expand its business in china and one of the ways has been the partnership with WWF with intentions of creating a relationship of trust favorable in increasing its market in china. The company launched a communication program aimed at educating people along the Yangtze River about environmental concerns, river basin management and water management. This shows the companys intention in exploring the moral responsibility to the community in situations people lack enough knowledge about. One of the principles which separate this right action from wrong is utilitarianism which emphasizes on bringing most happiness for everyone if not majority of the people through our actions ( Shaw.W, Barry.V,2010). Hence, this program is beneficial to farmers and the ongoing three Gorges dam construction which will be providing electricity to the community. Furthermore, Coca Cola is under the broad view of corporate social responsibility which identifies this company as one pursuing profits as well as having other responsibilities to its consumers and society at large. As argued by Konosuke Matsushita any business should make service to society as its objective and while serving society, profits will be generated automatically (George.R, 2005). For example the company has helped WWF contribute a major role in the Yangtze River Forum through uniting on a recommendation to deliver the Chinese government for implementing pollution regulations, which apparently are fairly uneven in the country. We support the case of Coca Cola viewing China because companies are motivated to become more socially responsible to their most important stakeholders such as consumers and the community because they expect them to understand and address the social issues relevant. In this case, Coca is contributing towards the conservation of the environment through the water security in China. Cross Cultural Ethical Decision-Making The business culture of a country is shaped by business practices and ways of thinking over a long period of time. Countries such as USA and China have different business cultures and ways of conducting their business partly because of their differences in history. Thus, it is absolutely vital for Coca-Cola and WWF to understand the cultures and practices of the Chinese society. In our point of view, Coca-Cola and WWF have been successful to a certain extent in cross-cultural ethical decision making. The Chinese society believes that everything should be in harmony (Kaptein, 2004). The efforts of WWF in collaboration with Coca Cola to clean the waters of the Yangtze River can be viewed as a decision based on the value of harmony within the Chinese society. This effort would thus be viewed as an ethical business conduct and improve the relationship between WWF and Coca Cola and China. The Chinese place high importance on human relationships or guanxi. As a result, the Chinese strive to work in groups to accomplish a common goal (Pitta, Fung Isberg, 1999). The groups in this scenario include a non-profit organisation, WWF, a profit making organisation, Coca-Cola, and the Chinese society. The common goal of these three groups is to ensure clean water is running through the lifeblood of millions Chinese, the Yangtze River. Therefore, this is seen as an informed decision by WWF and Coca Cola based on a good understanding of an important Chinese culture. Based on an American culture, business relationships can be separated from personal relationships because business transactions are bounded by legal contracts (Trevino Brown, 2004). In negotiating contracts and business transactions, signing a contract is seen by Americans as the final stage of business association. However, from the Chinese point of view, friendships are seen as lifetime commitments and as a first step to a deeper and improving relationship. The fact that Coca-Cola has been operating in China for so many years setting up 39 bottling plants is a testimony to Coca-Colas true understanding of the elements of friendship and negotiations within the business conduct of the Chinese society. Communication is seen as a way to bridge the gap that might exist between two different cultures. In their efforts to clean the Yangtze River, WWF and Coca Cola launched communication programs to educate the Chinese communities about environmental issues. According to McWilliams and Siegel, the combination of communication and persuasion can help the understanding of the two parties concerned. This presents WWF and Coca-Cola with cross-cultural benefits as they are able to earn the trust of the Chinese society by making efforts to improve the well being of China as a whole. Recently, the Chinese press were complimenting Coca-Colas effort in sponsoring Project Hope, a program that aims to improve education for disadvantaged children throughout China. The company aims to build 100 Project Hope Schools by 2011. This effort is in line with the Chinese culture of valuing and strengthening relationships. The news also highlighted that Coca Colas partnership with WWF to conserve the Yangtze River showed significant progress by galvanizing local communities to actively participate in river basin conservation (Press Release Coca Cola, 2010). Certain decisions made by WWF and Coca Cola were questionable as it did not fully consider the cross cultural implications. Firstly, Coca-Colas US$ 2.3 billion bid for China Huiyuan Juice suggested that the company was acting in its own self interest of gaining market share and monopolising the beverage industry in China. The Chinese society views a sudden and substantial change such as the takeover as disruptive because it does not consider the notion of harmony. Coca-Cola were acting according to the theory put forward by Adam Smith who advocated the pursuit of maximum self interest or ethical egoism. According to Garrett Hardin, the tragedy of commons explains that each individual believes their use of commons only has its own negligible effect. However, the collective result can be of gradual damage or destruction which makes everyone worse off. The fact that Coca-Cola uses 290 billion litres of water a year for production, might indicate that the company themselves might be at f ault for causing water pollution at the Yangtze River. http://www.thecoca-colacompany.com/presscenter/nr_20101029_china_investment.html regulation Multinational Companies Balance Between Profits and Environment Multinational companies usually generate huge profits every year while they also need to contribute to the gradual improvement in the environment. One of the ways to balance those two elements, that is profits and good environment, is through sustainable development. The latter should meet the needs of the present without compromising the future generations ability to meet their needs. (United Nations Brutland Report). Sustainable development needs the integration of social, environmental and economic considerations to make long term decisions. As per Milton Friedman theory, the main social responsibility of a company is to increase profits. However, Coca Cola should make sure that it is not compromising the welfare future of Chinese citizens with its current production activities. Furthermore, there is the clichà © the business of business is business. (Business Ethics,, George). A corporation may ignore the moral demands of an individual, but it can hardly ignore the moral demands of the society it conducts its business in. This is because both parties are dependent on each other, for example in Japan, the business of large corporations recently changed, not only to produce goods and services but to also to care for the companys stakeholder such as a guarantee of lifetime employment to employees while providing a conducive environment to the people living in the region it is operating. Multinational Corporations today have a renewed interest towards Corporate Social Responsibility instead of prioritising profits at the apex of their pyramid. Some MNCs use the Corporate Social Responsibility perspective as a strategic tool to attain economic objectives which is ultimately wealth creation. These MNCs follow the approach of economist Milton Friedman who philosophised that the only one responsibility of business towards society is the maximisation of profits to the shareholders within the legal framework and the ethical custom of the country. However, the interests of people who have a stake in the firm also known as stakeholder must not be excluded by MNCs. Satisfying these interests will contribute in maximising the shareholder value (Odgen and Watson, 1999). An adequate level of investment in philanthropy and social activities will allow MNCs to bring in profits (McWilliams and Siegel, 2001). Stakeholders are the people who directly or indirectly affected an organis ations actions, objectives and policies. MNCs owe a fiduciary duty towards stakeholders as they can bring profit to the company. There is a social contract between the organisation and society. A straightforward contribution in order to balance these two elements would be by maximising the shareholders value as the highest priority to evaluate specific corporate social activity (Mele and Garringa, 2004). These values of shareholders may be seen from many different perspectives such as a greener environment. However, if this method imposes a cost or hinders the company from earning profit, it should be declined according to Milton Friedmans theory.

The New Hazardous Waste: Electronic Waste Essay -- Technology Technol

The New Hazardous Waste: Electronic Waste Technology has opened human existence to greater ideas and knowledge than we ever thought was possible. Technological advances in everything from medicine to the distribution of information have made for a better and more convenient life. Computers and the use of the internet has created a global network in which people half-way across the globe from each other can communicate and share information instantaneously. In 1965 Gordon Moore, one of the founding members of the Intel corporation, observed and proclaimed that the processing power of computers was doubling every 18 months. Labeled as Moore’s Law, this trend continues to this day. This law and the mindset that everyone needs the newest fastest sharpest computer has created a global hazardous waste problem predicted to be the largest toxic waste problem of the 21st century.1 The problem commonly referred to as electronic waste, or e-waste, consists of the hazardous materials and plastics that computers and ot her electronic items are made of. Being that this is such a relatively new problem, not many people outside of those in large electronic companies, those who work in landfills, and people overseas in China, Indonesia, and other Asian countries where the waste is shipped know of the problem. If the world’s population is not educated and recycling or reuse programs are not initiated, catastrophe on a global level is possible. Few steps have been made to solve this problem, and the question of who is responsible, the consumer or the producer, is a valid and interesting topic to be explored. Come along as the hazardous world of e-waste is explored with background, as well as solutions and ideas for the future. ... ...eek, 4/16/2001, Vol. 8 Issue 15, p46. 4. Gawel, Richard. â€Å"Groups Aim to Make Molehill Out of Mountain of Electronic Waste†. Electronic Design, 02/19/2001, Vol. 19 Issue 4, p34. 5. Bartholomew, Doug. â€Å"Computer Makers Tackle E-Waste†. Industry Week/IW, Jan2004, Vol. 253 Issue 1, p60, 1p Other Resources Crozier, Ry. â€Å"Passing the Buck†. Electronic News (North America), 7/28/2003, Vol. 49 Issue 30. â€Å"E-Waste Reuse†. Industry Week/IW, Jan2003, Vol. 252 Issue 1, p19. Elgin, Ben. â€Å"The Information Age’s Toxic Garbage†. Business Week, 10/6/2003 Issue 3852, p54. â€Å"Long Awaited Electronic Waste Recycling Initiative is Approved†. Professional Engineering, 4/17/2002, Vol. 15 Issue 7, p5. â€Å"NSWMA Adopts e-Waste Disposal Program†. Professional Safety, Nov2003, Vol. 48 Issue 11. â€Å"Paper, Plastic, Or TV?† Environment, Sep2002, Vol. 44 Issue 7, p7 The New Hazardous Waste: Electronic Waste Essay -- Technology Technol The New Hazardous Waste: Electronic Waste Technology has opened human existence to greater ideas and knowledge than we ever thought was possible. Technological advances in everything from medicine to the distribution of information have made for a better and more convenient life. Computers and the use of the internet has created a global network in which people half-way across the globe from each other can communicate and share information instantaneously. In 1965 Gordon Moore, one of the founding members of the Intel corporation, observed and proclaimed that the processing power of computers was doubling every 18 months. Labeled as Moore’s Law, this trend continues to this day. This law and the mindset that everyone needs the newest fastest sharpest computer has created a global hazardous waste problem predicted to be the largest toxic waste problem of the 21st century.1 The problem commonly referred to as electronic waste, or e-waste, consists of the hazardous materials and plastics that computers and ot her electronic items are made of. Being that this is such a relatively new problem, not many people outside of those in large electronic companies, those who work in landfills, and people overseas in China, Indonesia, and other Asian countries where the waste is shipped know of the problem. If the world’s population is not educated and recycling or reuse programs are not initiated, catastrophe on a global level is possible. Few steps have been made to solve this problem, and the question of who is responsible, the consumer or the producer, is a valid and interesting topic to be explored. Come along as the hazardous world of e-waste is explored with background, as well as solutions and ideas for the future. ... ...eek, 4/16/2001, Vol. 8 Issue 15, p46. 4. Gawel, Richard. â€Å"Groups Aim to Make Molehill Out of Mountain of Electronic Waste†. Electronic Design, 02/19/2001, Vol. 19 Issue 4, p34. 5. Bartholomew, Doug. â€Å"Computer Makers Tackle E-Waste†. Industry Week/IW, Jan2004, Vol. 253 Issue 1, p60, 1p Other Resources Crozier, Ry. â€Å"Passing the Buck†. Electronic News (North America), 7/28/2003, Vol. 49 Issue 30. â€Å"E-Waste Reuse†. Industry Week/IW, Jan2003, Vol. 252 Issue 1, p19. Elgin, Ben. â€Å"The Information Age’s Toxic Garbage†. Business Week, 10/6/2003 Issue 3852, p54. â€Å"Long Awaited Electronic Waste Recycling Initiative is Approved†. Professional Engineering, 4/17/2002, Vol. 15 Issue 7, p5. â€Å"NSWMA Adopts e-Waste Disposal Program†. Professional Safety, Nov2003, Vol. 48 Issue 11. â€Å"Paper, Plastic, Or TV?† Environment, Sep2002, Vol. 44 Issue 7, p7

Euthanasia: The merciful alternative Essay

â€Å"There is a time to be born and a time to die†¦ a time to kill and a time to heal†¦ a time to search and a time to give up.†(Ecclesiastes 3:2a, 3a, 6a) Euthanasia enthusiasts would agree with this quote. Euthanasia is a word that can be defined as the intentional termination of life by another at the explicit request of the person who dies. (Webster’s dictionary) The purpose of this essay is to fortify the positive role of euthanasia by explaining why it is that terminally ill patients consider euthanasia an option and what the ethical views concerning this issue are. The main reason for which people consider ending their life through euthanasia is because they are terminally ill. Terminally ill patients are those who have been diagnosed with a progressive degenerative disease for which there is not a known cure. These diseases include those such as Multiple Sclerosis, AIDS, Huntington’s Disease, or Alzheimer’s Disease. There are three things that motivate terminally ill patients to end their life. The first reason being that they do not want to diminish their assets by incurring large medical expenses as their death approaches, and as an act of generosity they would rather die sooner, leaving their beneficiaries their assets. The second reason that one may consider euthanasia is that when they realize death is near, they wish to have total control over the process. In addition when a person relies on continuous care from another person, they feel that they have lost their independence, which can be considered as a loss of personal d ignity. (www.religioustolerance.org) Binner 2 There are two interesting ethical issues pertaining to euthanasia. The first issue examined is the Physician’s Oath, which states, â€Å"Follow that system of regimen which, according to [his] ability and judgment, [he] consider[s] for the benefit of [his] patients.†(Hippocrates) Which translated to the idea that if a patient feels the need to end their life due to a degenerative disease, then the physician, with the consent of the patient, may do so without the intervention of the law telling him or her what they are allowed  to do. According to this oath, if euthanasia is a rational method for their patient to consider, the law should not intervene. The second ethical issue to be looked at is religion. Many religious groups believe that God gave life and therefore God is the only one who can take life away. When applied to this belief, euthanasia is a sin. Many faith groups such as Christian, Muslim or Jewish, believe that these degenerative diseases and incurable pains are a divinely appointed opportunity for learning and purification. To challenge these beliefs with euthanasia would be to go against their faith in God. Euthanasia will be debated for many years to come. With the information set forth hopefully the beneficial aspects of euthanasia have been made clear. It is important to remember that treatments of physical symptoms are only part of the problem. Mental, social, and spiritual pains all add to the load that a terminally ill patient carries.

EFL

Present Continuous Worksheets for ESL/EFL The present continuous is used to talk about what is happening at the moment, as well as for future scheduled events and takes the following forms: Present Continuous Positive Form Subject to be (am, are, is) present participle (ing form of verb) objects Peters working in the garden at the moment.Were meeting Tom at five oclock. Present Continuous Negative Form Subject to be (am, are, is) not verb objects Mary isnt watching TV now. Shes outside.They arent working at the moment. Theyre on a break. Present Continuous Question Form (Question Word) to be (am, are, is) subject present participle (ing form of verb)? What are you doing?Where is Tim hiding? No Present Continuous with Stative Verbs The present continuous, and continuous forms in general, are used with action verbs such as talk, drive, play, etc. The continuous form is not used with stative verbs such as be, seem, taste, etc. Some stative verbs can be used as action verbs so there are some exceptions. For example: smell - It smells good. (stative verb) / He is smelling the roses. (action verb) He seems happy.This tastes very sweet.It doesnt appear to be difficult. Time Expressions with Present Continuous for Present Action Now / At the Moment Now and at the moment refer to the moment of speaking. These two expressions are often used with the present continuous. Its also possible to use the present continuous without these time expressions depending on the context. Shes taking a shower at the moment.Were having dinner now.Daren is studying for the test. Currently / This Week - Month / Today Currently, this week / month and today are used to speak about what is happening around the present moment. These forms are often used in work to speak about a project in progress. Jasons taking the day off today.Theyre working on the Smith account.Are you developing plans for the new project? Time Expressions with Present Continuous for Future Scheduled Action Next / On / At The present continuous is also used for planned events in the future such as meetings. Use future time expressions such as next, tomorrow, at time, on day,  in month etc. Were meeting next Thursday to discuss the issue.Im presenting at two oclock tomorrow.Shes having lunch with Peter on Monday. Present Continuous Worksheet 1 Conjugate the verb in parentheses in the present continuous tense. In the case of questions, use the indicated subject as well. Alexander _____ (study) for his exams at the moment.Where _____ (you meet) Tim next week?She _____ (not play) Golf tomorrow.They _____ (make) dinner now.The company (not finish) the plans this week.She _____ (eat) oysters for lunch right now.David _____ (not fly) to Chicago next week.I _____ (work) on a special report today.We _____ (not cook) dinner this evening because were eating out._____ (Tom drive) to work right now?Alice _____ (read) a new book at the moment.They _____ (not prepare) for the science exam at the moment.When _____ (you have) lunch tomorrow?We _____ (joke)!_____ (they give) a party this weekend?Susan _____ (make) the decision at 3 oclock this afternoon.People _____ (play) tennis golf on a beautiful day like this!What _____ (you do)?!He _____ (bake) a cake at the moment.Which motel _____ (they stay) at now? Present Continuous Worksheet 2 Choose the correct time expression used with the present continuous tense. They are cooking dinner (on the moment / now).The company is preparing a report for their most important client (last / this) week.My sister is studying for a test (at the moment / in the moment).Were meeting Brian (on / at) three oclock.(Currently / Current) were working on the Anderson account.They arent coming for dinner (this / at) evening.Susan is playing tennis with Tim (now / then).What are you doing (this / next) afternoon?Theyre enjoying dinner (at / next) the moment.What are you doing (tomorrow / yesterday) afternoon?Henry is making the presentation (at / on) Wednesday.Our teacher is helping us with grammar (that / this) morning.My dog is barking (at the moment / in the moment).Were finishing the business report (today / yesterday).The clock is striking twelve oclock right (now / soon). Its time to go!Frank is flying to Chicago (this / that) morning.Were reading that book (at the moment / on the moment).Thomas is presenting at the meeting (on / in) April.Shes mowing the law n (now / moment). Theyre developing a new product (this / last) month. Present Continuous Worksheet 3 Decide whether the following sentences use present continuous for action at the moment (NOW), action around the current moment in time (AROUND), or for a future scheduled action (FUTURE). Were working on the Smith account this month.Just a moment, I think hes working out in the garden.Jennifers meeting with Tom later today.Im looking for a new job currently.Were discussing the issue on Wednesday.Jakes finishing his homework right now.Alans working with Tom later today.Theyre making dinner for us tonight.Im sorry I dont have time. Im mowing the lawn.Shes looking for a new home as shed like to move soon. Worksheet 1 - Answers is studying  are you meeting  isnt playing  are making  Ã‚  isnt finishing  is eating  isnt flying  am working  arent cooking  Is Tom driving  is reading  arent preparingare you having  are joking!Are they giving  is making  are playing  are you doingis bakingare they staying Worksheet 2 - Answers nowthis weekat the momentat three oclockCurrentlythis eveningnowthis afternoonat the momenttomorrow afternoonon Wednesdaythis morningat the momenttodayright nowthis morningat the momentin AprilnowThis month Worksheet 3 - Answers Around the moment  NowFutureAround the momentFutureNowFutureFuture / NowNowAround the moment

Theory essays

Theory essays In briefly evaluating the classical and modern explanations of social inequality, it is essential that we step outside the realm of our own lives, class position, and discard any assumptions we might have about the nature of inequality. This process of critical pedagogy allows us to view our world, not from our perspective, but from a wider, more critical analysis of inequalitys nature. Also, it should be considered within this wider perspective that all theories of inequality have a class perspective, where the theorist, based on the position their theory takes, is making claims from (or for) a particular class (whether they want to or not). With this in mind, it seems that most of these theories come from fairly elite class perspectives and, in turn, tend to be more pessimistic about bringing change to the inequalities they are evaluating. Of the classical (elite) explanations of inequality, Max Webers seemed to be most accepted within the domain of sociology and other social sciences dealing with modes of inequality. Weber, who believes that we are living within a sort of iron cage which cannot allow us to look beyond the rules and regulations of our capitalist system, emphasizes the importance of power relationships in society. Those who are in class positions at the top of the apex (of power distribution) are the people who, one, hold most of the power in society, and two, make the choices for the direction and reproduction of society. The majorities at the bottom of the apex, with very limited power, are unable to make choices that would bring them to their ends. The core attributes of the economic system are alienation and the bureaucracy, which create a dehumanizing effect on the characters within the system. The bureaucracy, with its rational legal authority, clear division of labor, career systems, and impersonality, is technologically more perfect than any...

Restoration and Recovery Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Restoration and Recovery Plan - Essay Example In this paper an attempt is made to understand the Restoration and recovery plan employed by an organization in case of any of an attack or failure of its Information System and also to investigate how the organization manages the scenarios that involve alteration, deletion or destruction of data. The organization chosen for the study of the subject is a Ceramic manufacturing company with roughly 1300 employees. Information System: The organization has deployed an in-house web based ERP system that's essentially serves to integrate its Accounts, HR, Payroll, Inventory & Stores, Commercial Department, Sales, and Fixed Asset wings. The ERP application is deployed on Oracle Application Server with Apache web server. The company has twenty nodal offices spread across the city , all nodal offices are connected in a ring topology through fiber as well as through ISDN lines in order to maintain a 24x7 availability . The nature of work is essentially online transactional processing but owing to the integration of Inventory, it also has data warehousing application. All the twenty sites are centrally managed. A centralized Oracle 10g database hosts the data .The database is ported on two IBM p-series 570 H servers . . The operating system is IBM's AIX -5 L versions 5.3. The storage used is IBM's Fast T-700 storage. High Availability Set-up : The two IBM AIX servers are clustered through IBM's High Availability Cluster Multi Processing (HACMP) version 5.3 . The cluster is operating in cascade mode. In case one node fails due to failure or any kind of attack than the other node detects such a collapse and takes over the entire work load and consequently within four minutes, the business operations are restored. HACMP has emerged as one of the most successful high availability software that provides data protection in case of server failover through multi-connects between the servers to a shared storage through clustering software ("The Benefits", n.d.) Data Protection : The data is stored in IBM's Fast T 700 storage . Redundant Array of Independent Disks (RAID) 1+0 is implemented to optimize the storage for fault tolerance. It provides disk mirroring that duplicates the data between the two disks. So that if one disk gets corrupt or develops any fault than the lost data can be retrieved through its mirrored copy. Such a mirrored configuration also optimizes the performance through striping the data across the mirrored disks. ("RAID 10 overview", n.d.). Data Backups : The data backups constitute the most important part of the IT policy of a company. The data-backups ensure recovery of essential data whenever there is any kind of data loss by way of any file corruption, data stealing or manual transactional error. There are many options available to back-up and recover the data .Almost all the companies employ two procedures to backup the data , hot backup and cold backup .Both these techniques come in handy to retrieve the data whenever the

Child Developmental theories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Child Developmental theories - Essay Example Three of the theories can help direct the physical and occupational therapy on children include Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson’s psychoanalytic child development theories and Jean Piaget To begin with, the application of Freud’s psychoanalytic theory in physical and occupational theory can be of great value in the sense that emphasizes the importance of childhood experiences and events on development. Unlike other theorists, Freud focused mainly on the mental disorders, as opposed to normal functioning in child development. In his theory, Freud described child development in a series of psychosexual stages. The stages, according to Freud include oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital. In this regard, Freud noted that each of the stages require the satisfaction of a libidinal needs which can also play an important role during adulthood. Freud also found out that it is not easy for a child to complete each of the stages successfully and noted that a child would develop a fixation that would later impact adult personality and behavior. Therefore, understanding this theory might help physical and occupational therapists in applying effective therapies on childr en by taking regard their developmental stages and patterns. Another developmental theory that can be of value to therapists is Erik Erickson’s emotional psychological development theory. This theory was build upon Freud’s earlier works. Erickson identified eight important stages in a child’s development. According to Erickson, each of these stages is marred by a conflict that must be resolved in order for a child to develop emotionally and socially. In addition, he noted that each stage has both negative and positive outcome, though people tend to be at either ends of the spectrum. Erickson also noted that the failure of success in dealing with the crisis in each of the stages

Answer all of them i short paragraph ( around 20 sentences) Assignment

Answer all of them i short paragraph ( around 20 sentences) - Assignment Example e understood as the next stage in which, the body starts homeostasis, which means that it tries to normalize the physiological provocation because of ongoing stress. The exhaustion phase occurs when the stress becomes chronic and immune system gets weak welcoming diseases in the body. Chronic stress affects various body systems because the first and foremost system that it assaults is the immune system. With continuous stress, the body undergoes exhaustion phase that weakens immune system, which eventually welcomes different diseases affecting various body systems. All the body systems are connected with the nervous system and when nervous system gets exhausted resisting stress resulting in lack of immunity, various body systems such as cardiovascular system, gastrointestinal system and many others. Dr. Wilder Pennfield experimented employing electrical stimulation â€Å"to map the cortex of conscious human patients†. With this experimentation, he was able to realize that our prefrontal lobes, which are liable for ‘fear’, ‘anxiety’ and ‘emotional memory’, contain a certain motor portion that keeps the ability to overrule the signals of other bodily systems. The prefrontal lobes are quite useful in foreseeing and enabling us to keep away from dangers, but also dangerous for us in case of overstimulation. The prefrontal lobes have effective role in stress management because they are involved in reflective actions that make us ready to anticipate some kind of stress and avoid it beforehand. The primary appraisal in the transactional model of stress can be described as assessment of potential threat in terms of its being stressful or not. The stressful threat is dealt by analyzing the amount of damage, anticipation of future damage and prospect of development. The secondary appraisal in the transactional model of stress is the evaluation of resources that can be employed for dealing with the potential threat. If the accessible resources are less as

Student Cramming Essay Example for Free

Student Cramming Essay Abstract This study aims to determine whether cramming behavior had a significant effect on the memory retention students who took Physics 82(Fundamental Physics II) during the second semester of school year 2006-2007. A test was given to these students after one semester (first semester, 2007-2008). A comparison was made between the scores of students who acknowledged frequent use of cramming methods and those that did not. Data shows that retention decreases with time whether the student crammed or not. However, students that crammed have faster rate of decrease in memory retention. 1. Introduction Cramming is defined as studying a relatively large amount of subject matter in a short period of time. It can be regarded as a desperate measure of students to pass exams, complete projects. The consequence of such manner of study is low memory retention [1]. This study aims to confirm or disprove this stereotype. It is possible that grades reflect only short term learning since they are given at the end of the semester and there is no assurance for long term retention. According to Duda, memory retention is enhanced if, for example, a five hour study session is broken down into five separate one hour sessions [1]. This applies to cramming where a single study session just before an examination is less effective than several short study sessions. A survey was conducted to verify these assumptions using UP Los Banos students who took Physics 82 during the second semester of school year 2006-2007. The survey was limited to these students who are currently enrolled in Physics 83 during the first semester of school year 2007-2008. Physics 82 covers fundamental concepts in electricity and magnetism. This study aims to: 1.Determine whether there exists a correlation between the chronological order in which Physics 82 concepts were taught and the students’ memory retention of these concepts. 2.Determine the percentage of students who acknowledged to have employed cramming methods for their Physics 82 semester. 3.Determine whether there is a appreciable difference between students’ final grade (1-5 scale) in Physics 82 and their survey grade for both for the crammers and the non-crammers. 1.1 Hypotheses 1. There no strong positive linear correlation between the chronological order in which PHYS 82 concepts were taught the previous semester, and their memory retention of these concepts. Earlier topics taught are more retained than earlier topics. 2. There is no significant difference between crammers and non-crammers final grade (1-5 scale) in Physics 82, and between crammers and non-crammers survey score. Grade is not a good indicator of cramming behavior. 3. There is no strong linear correlation survey score and Physics 82 final grade for both crammers and non-crammers. Grade is not a good indicator of memory retention. 4. There is no significant difference between the between the students’ final grade (1-5 scale) in Physics 82 and their survey grade both for the crammers and the non-crammers. Cramming has no significant effect on the student’s memory retention of Physics 82 concepts. 2. Methodology The survey population consisted of all Physics 83 students that took Physics 82 the previous Semester. The Survey was done in class hours of Phys83 to all students. The population needed was filtered out afterwards. The survey questions included 16 topics in Physics 82 which were divided into 4 sets reflecting the first to the last quarter of the semester. Questions were generated for each topic. Five basic equations and two to four conceptual problems were taken from the topics. This was to ensure that the survey was representative of the whole Physics 82 semester. The questionnaire survey was divided into three parts, personal information, matching type and multiple choice. The first part consisted of personal information and also asked the students to rate themselves in a scale of 1 to 5 where 5 was the highest. The information taken were the following: ofrequency of cramming in exams and/or projects: â€Å"I cram my study for the night before exams† ostudy routine: (1-2hrs), (monthly(1)†¦, weekly(5)) I do not study for quizzes/do assign ahead oPreparation time for exam(a night before(1)†¦, three weeks before(5) ) I review only near exam dates oStudents claim on good retention: â€Å"I forgot my Physics 82† oLikelihood of cramming in the future: â€Å"I expect myself to cram for the coming exams due to unavoidable circumstances.† From these the students were then categorized to two sets as non-crammers (labeled as R), having less than 65% of total points in part I, and crammers (C) whose high score in part I acknowledge their use and likely future use of cramming methods. The percentage of students C and R in the population were then taken. The following comparisons were made: (1) between C and R Physics 82 final grade, (2) between C and R survey scores, and (3 ) between Physics 82 final grade and survey scores of all respondents. In the second part, students were asked to match an equation with a concept. There were 20 equations and corresponding concepts. Each match was given 1 point. Examples of the questions were [2]: Column AColumn B 1.Coulomb’s Law 2.1 Volt K. 1AmpCoul=1Joule/Coulomb Part 3 (multiple choice) consisted of 8 conceptual and 8 computational questions. The following are some examples: 1. Which of the following is false about electric potential? A.is the energy per unit charge B.is dependent of charge passing per unit time in a conductor. C.it is a scalar quantity D.electric potential surfaces lines cross each other 2. Which of the following is true? I.An Ohmic Conductor has a linear Voltage and Current relationship. II.When Ohm’s Law is not obeyed the resistivity (Ï ) of a substance is constant in the equation E=Ï J (J is current density). A.I only B. II only C. Both I and II D Neither I and I 1. The intensity of light is Io=100 Watts 1 meter away from its source. What is its intensity if the distance is doubled? A) I=Io/4 B) I=Io/2 C) I=0 D) I=Io/8 E) none of the above 2. In a DC R-L circuit, the current rises gradually to 5 ÃŽ ¼A in 8ÃŽ ¼sec. What is the induced EMF of the 10H inductor? A) 6.25V B) 0.625V C) 6V D) 12.5V E) none of the above Problem solving skills were also tested to gain insight on the student’s skills in operating some equations in part 2. Part 3 consisted of 16 items of 2 points each. The questions were structured so that 5 matching type items (Part 2), 2 conceptual and 2 computational multiple choice items (part3) represented each quarter of the Physics 82 semester. It was ensured that all items in the four quarters are of comparable level of difficulty. In order to test the reliability of the survey, we repeated some problems in the questionnaire so as to infer whether the students focused on answering the survey or merely guessed the answers. The questionnaire had a total of 52 points, 20 points for part two and 32 points for part three. Each quarter has perfect score of 13 points. A correlation between the sequence of these quarters and average points per quarter was taken. 3. Results and Discussion All of the 48 Physics 82 students who are enrolled in Physics 83 took part in the survey. Simple statistical methods were employed since the survey involved the whole population. In part I, it was assessed that there were approximately 32.56% crammers and 67.44% non-crammers in the population. The mean of the final grades of non-crammers was 2.36 while that of those who cram was 2.42. Since the grading system is in a scale of 1-5 with 1 being the highest, the one with lower mean implies a higher grade. Those who cram tends to have a lower grade than those who do not cram. This trend was also observed in the difference in the average of survey scores between the two categories where non-crammers had a 59.41% average and crammers had a 55.47%. The difference between the two averages was 3.94%. These difference is not significantly observable in the 1-5 grading system; thus, inference in cramming behavior based on grades is not reliable. Figure 3.1 Linear Regression of corresponding average survey score of students per quarter in the simulated exam to test natural degradation of retention through time. In figure 3.1 the trend of score increase is shown with a correlation of 0.566. This shows a natural degradation of memory retention through time since in the most recent quarter, 4th quarter, the average grade of the student in the simulated exam were higher than their average grade in the previous quarter. The average points of 1st 2nd, and 3rd 4th are then averaged in pairs that reflected first and second half the of the Physics 82 semester. Figure 3.2 Average scores of students per quarter in the simulated exam. The average of the second half is 7.802326 which is higher than that of the first half which is equal to 7.476744.This further justifies the degradation of memory of retention with time. Figure 3.3 Linear correlation of Physics 82 final grade and survey score Figure 3.3 shows the correlation between the survey score and the final grade of the students in physics 82 last semester. The negative correlation is due to the fact that 1 is the highest in the 1-5 scale Grading System. Students who got high grades in Physics 82 also got high scores in the survey. The correlation of -0.62263 implies that the final grade of the students is a strong indicator of memory retention where a high grade likely implies high retention. Table 3.1 Mean difference and median difference between physics 82 final grade and survey grade CategoryMean DifferenceMedian Difference Crammer-0.839-0.5 Non-Crammer-0.664-0.25 Table 3.1 shows the difference between physics 82 final grade and survey grade (1-5 grade system). The negative sign indicates that all the students have lesser survey grades compared to their final grade. There is a significant difference between the degradation of grade between crammers and non-crammers. The crammers’ grade decreased by 0.839 while that of non-crammers’ decreased by 0.664. The crammers significantly had less memory retention than those of the non-crammers. 4. Conclusion Memory retention undergoes degradation process through time. This degradation is further increased by cramming behavior. Memory retention has a natural degradation through time both for crammers and non-crammers. The earlier topics were less retained than the most recent topics. Cramming had a significant effect on the student’s memory retention of Physics 82 concepts. There was a strong linear correlation survey score and Physics 82 final grade as shown in figure 3.3. Grade is a strong indicator of memory retention since it was shown that those who got higher grades had better performance in the simulated exam. Thus, students who obtained higher grades tend to have more concepts retained. Cramming was shown to contribute to memory loss. Crammers had a 0.5 median drop in grade between Physics 82 final grade and survey grade whereas non-crammers had a median drop of 0.25. The result of this study is consistent with Duda’s study which affirms the negative effect of crammi ng. The structure of this study may be implemented on other subjects to further assess the effects of cramming behavior on memory retention and may involve other criterion on student academic performance. References [1]J Duda. Study shows test cramming has negative effects on grades. http://wc.arizona.edu/papers/94/91/01_2_m.html. Last modified on Feb 2, 2001. [2]H.D. Young and R.A. Freedman. University Physics: The Modern Physics, tenth edition. USA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 2000. [3]Statistics.Encyclopedia Britannica 2005 Deluxe Edition CD.USA, Encyclopedia Britannica Inc. 2005